Intuition is a psychological function that distances itself from concrete reality and f
• Tends toward idealism and imaginative thinking
• Focuses on the "big picture" and underlying meanings rather than details
• More interested in ideas and abstract concepts than in concrete reality
• Somewhat cautious and uncomfortable with physical confrontation
• Drawn to theory and the exploration of possibilities rather than hands-on practice
Ethics is a psychological function that focuses on emotional experience, human relation
• Places great importance on human and emotional factors when considering matters
• Tends to frame discussions in terms of "good or bad" value judgments
• Skilled at navigating and mediating interpersonal conflicts
• May struggle with purely logical problem-solving
• Prioritizes persuasion and empathy, preferring dialogue over logical confrontation
• Can be vulnerable to logical manipulation or systematic influence
Declarative types have a conversational style that tends toward monologue, taking the l
Conversational Style
• Conversations tend to be monologue-like, with the speaker taking control of the discussion
• Speech proceeds in a declarative, assertive tone (even questions carry a strong ending)
• Waits patiently for the other person to finish before beginning their own turn
• Maintains a strong stance of "please don't interrupt until I'm done"
Speech Tendencies
• Before speaking, tries to firmly capture the listener's attention
• Only asks questions when genuinely needing specific in
Introversion focuses on the impressions and reactions that arise within the observer, e
• Mental energy tends to flow inward
• Recharges by spending time alone
• Expends energy in group settings
• Attention naturally gravitates toward thoughts and feelings
• Tends to be passive, waiting for stimulation to come
• Prefers a small number of deep relationships
• Excels at sustained concentration
• Prefers working independently
Rationality is a perceptual style that focuses on decision-making, emotional expression
• Tends to plan ahead and make decisions early
• Strong-willed and may appear stubborn to others
• Reluctant to change once a decision has been made
• Shows a strong tendency to follow through on commitments
• Movements appear controlled and deliberate
• Leadership style tends toward authority (top-down)
• Relatively lower stress tolerance
Static types tend to perceive the world as a collection of states, focusing on the prop
• Tends to perceive the world as a set of "states" rather than continuous processes
• Focuses on stability and inherent qualities rather than change
• Remembers events as independent scenes or snapshots rather than as a continuous flow
• Places importance on fixed structures of states and relationships
• Pays attention to simultaneity ("what existed at this moment") rather than cause-and-effect
Characteristic Behaviors and Cognition
• Recalls memories as "still images" or discrete scenes
• Has
Serious types believe in objective, absolute standards of correctness and approach rela
Emotions and Relationships
• Has difficulty reading emotional atmospheres and subtle moods
• Does not separate fun from activity — experiences enjoyment as embedded within the activity itself
• Encounters must go through a step-by-step, formal process (e.g., introductions, greetings)
• Values information like names and titles; does not consider someone an "acquaintance" without a proper introduction
Worldview and Judgment Style
• Believes that correctness is determined by objective, absolute s
Judicious types are naturally in a relaxed state, preferring to prepare and organize be
Basic Characteristics
• Natural state: relaxed
• Organizes and prepares before taking action (preparation → action)
• Progresses step by step with breaks in between, rather than all at once
• Finds it difficult to initiate action without external stimulation
• Places great importance on thinking and organizing; decisions and execution happen automatically, as a natural flow
• Values working conditions and comfort (freedom, ease) over results
• Attention tends to focus on the preparation phase;
Aristocratic types tend to perceive people through the lens of group membership. Initia
• Tends to perceive others through labels and group affiliations such as "from such-and-such background" or "in such-and-such field"
• Places importance on hierarchy and position within groups, and the distinction between "us" and "them"
• Frequently uses expressions like "that person is a typical representative of such-and-such"
• Friendships and trust are influenced by how they evaluate the group a person is perceived to belong to
• Comfortable with both self and others being described in ter
Farsighted types draw on accumulated experience and knowledge to prepare thoroughly in
Characteristics
• Leverages past experience and knowledge to prepare in advance
• Utilizes established methods, rules, and accumulated know-how
• Holds the belief that "preparation is the key to success"
• Includes the background and information-gathering process in their answers, explaining how they arrived at their conclusions
• Considers many possibilities before taking a single action
• Finds reassurance in "preparing for contingencies"
Speech Tendencies
• "Based on past examples..." "This
Yielding types treat their resources as sacred and non-negotiable, while viewing their
Core Values
• Resources (possessions, abilities) are sacred and inviolable
• Interests (goals, desires) are flexible and can be changed
Behavioral and Psychological Characteristics
• Gracefully gives up on things they cannot do: "If I can't do it, I lose interest"
• Adjusts interests and goals according to available resources: "It looks interesting, but it's beyond me right now"
• Openly shares their interests and curiosities in conversations with others
• Extremely sensitive to intrusions on
Process types approach tasks sequentially and step by step, immersing themselves in the
Key Characteristics
• Approaches things sequentially and in stages
• Finds it difficult to stop once they have committed to something
• Easily becomes immersed in a process, entering fully into the situation
• A "single-tasker" who focuses on one thing at a time
• Tends to read books and information from beginning to end in order
Speech Tendencies and Vocabulary
• Prefers words like "flow," "process," "step by step," and "in progress"
• Often says things like "I'm still in the middle of it" or
Strategist types focus on the destination and purpose they want to achieve, treating me
Thinking and Behavioral Characteristics
• Prioritizes the "objective" or "destination" they want to reach
• Values "where am I heading" more than "how do I get there"
• Flexibly adjusts methods and means in service of achieving the goal
• Finds it difficult or disorienting to change a goal once it has been set
• Feels uneasy without a clear goal; may feel that "life has no meaning" without one
Behavioral Tendencies
• Evaluates current actions based on whether they bring them closer to the goal
Constructivist types minimize emotional expression in conversation, prioritizing practi
Conversation and Relationships
• Minimizes emotional expression in conversation, prioritizing practical and concrete topics
• Tries to skip emotional exchanges: "Let's just get to the conclusion"
• Values problem-solving and making proposals over attending to others' moods
Relationship with Emotions
• Repeatedly uses "emotional anchors" (favorite places, movies, books, etc.) to stabilize their own emotions
• Once caught up in an emotion, tends to dwell on it for a long time — therefore avoids
Positivist types perceive the world in terms of what exists and what has been achieved,
Cognitive and Expressive Tendencies
• Perceives things in terms of "what exists" and "what has been accomplished"
• Seeks to optimize and polish what is already in place
• Relatively open and positive in approach when meeting new people
• Uses affirmative expressions more than negative ones ("can do," "there is," etc.)
• Even when pointing out problems, adds a complementary positive note: "this exists, but so does that"
Examples (Affirmative Framing)
• "This glass is half full"
• "We've alread
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