Sensing is a psychological function that focuses on concrete, tangible information grou
• Takes a realistic, grounded approach to thinking
• Tends to focus on details rather than the big picture
• Highly aware of surroundings and focused on the "here and now"
• Relatively comfortable with physical confrontation and practical tasks
• More interested in practice and application than in theory
Logic is a psychological function that focuses on facts, systems, procedures, and objec
• Makes decisions based on logical reasoning and evidence
• Tends to discuss matters in terms of "correct or incorrect"
• Shows strong interest in systems, structures, and analytical thinking
• May experience friction in interpersonal relationships
• Enjoys debate and argumentation; places less value on emotional persuasion
• Can be vulnerable to ethical manipulation or emotionally-driven influence
Questim types have a conversational style that naturally takes the form of interactive
Conversational Style
• Conversations tend to be dialogical, resembling a back-and-forth exchange
• Speech often ends with a questioning tone, avoiding definitive statements
• Frequently invites the other person's reaction mid-sentence ("What do you think?" "You know?")
• Often interjects with acknowledgments during others' speech ("Yeah," "Right," "Oh really")
• Even self-talk and internal monologue take the form of internal dialogue (question → answer)
Speech Tendencies
• Frequently responds
Introversion focuses on the impressions and reactions that arise within the observer, e
• Mental energy tends to flow inward
• Recharges by spending time alone
• Expends energy in group settings
• Attention naturally gravitates toward thoughts and feelings
• Tends to be passive, waiting for stimulation to come
• Prefers a small number of deep relationships
• Excels at sustained concentration
• Prefers working independently
Rationality is a perceptual style that focuses on decision-making, emotional expression
• Tends to plan ahead and make decisions early
• Strong-willed and may appear stubborn to others
• Reluctant to change once a decision has been made
• Shows a strong tendency to follow through on commitments
• Movements appear controlled and deliberate
• Leadership style tends toward authority (top-down)
• Relatively lower stress tolerance
Static types tend to perceive the world as a collection of states, focusing on the prop
• Tends to perceive the world as a set of "states" rather than continuous processes
• Focuses on stability and inherent qualities rather than change
• Remembers events as independent scenes or snapshots rather than as a continuous flow
• Places importance on fixed structures of states and relationships
• Pays attention to simultaneity ("what existed at this moment") rather than cause-and-effect
Characteristic Behaviors and Cognition
• Recalls memories as "still images" or discrete scenes
• Has
Merry types naturally read emotional atmospheres and prioritize subjective frameworks o
Emotions and Relationships
• Naturally reads emotional atmospheres and is sensitive to the mood of a setting
• Treats "fun" as an independent element separate from activities themselves
• Builds relationships naturally without formality, as long as there is a clear purpose
• Places relatively little importance on formal information like names and titles
Worldview and Judgment Style
• Values subjective standards over absolute notions of correctness
• Tries to understand others' perspectives by
Decisive types are naturally in an action-ready state, preferring to act first and adju
Basic Characteristics
• Natural state: combat mode (ready to move)
• Adjusts while in motion (decide quickly → proceed → adjust as needed)
• Tries to finish things in one burst, maintaining focus for extended periods
• Even after completing a task, has difficulty winding down; switching gears takes time
• Focuses on execution and results; pays relatively little attention to the preparation phase
• Places importance on rewards, outcomes, and results (e.g., compensation amounts)
Typical Phrases
Democratic types perceive others based on their individual, unique characteristics. Rel
• Sees others as individuals rather than categorizing them as "a certain type of person"
• Judges people through personal, direct impressions such as "approachable," "intelligent," or "interesting"
• Relationships are based on one-on-one compatibility and shared values rather than group affiliation
• Values "being who I am" — individualistic by nature
• Shows little interest in questions like "where is this person from?"
• Rarely uses expressions like "I represent such-and-such group"
Carefree types make decisions on the fly based on available information and current cir
Characteristics
• Makes flexible, on-the-spot judgments based on current information and circumstances
• Constructs new approaches (algorithms) for each problem as it arises
• Values "adapting in the moment" over "preparing in advance"
• Naturally incorporates the path to a solution in their answers (without explaining every step)
• Operates from the fundamental stance that "predicting everything is impossible"
• Prioritizes "what can be done right here and now" over past knowledge or broad bac
Obstinate types treat their interests and passions as sacred and non-negotiable, while
Core Values
• Interests (goals, passions) are sacred and inviolable
• Resources (possessions, abilities) are flexible tools to be utilized
Behavioral and Psychological Characteristics
• When interested in something, refuses to give up even when resources are lacking: "If I don't have enough, I'll keep working until I do"
• Holds strong attachment and sense of identity toward personal interests, preferences, and principles
• Relatively unbothered when others use their possessions or time, but r
Result types take a bird's-eye view of matters with a focus on outcomes and goals, clea
Key Characteristics
• Views things from a broad perspective, oriented toward results and goals
• Conscious of clear beginnings and endings
• Does not deeply immerse in the process; can handle multiple things simultaneously
• Tends to skim-read or read for key points rather than cover everything
• A "top-down" type who grasps the big picture first, then moves to details
Speech Tendencies and Vocabulary
• Frequently uses words like "result," "goal," "beginning and end," "milestone," and "outlook
Tactician types focus on finding the optimal methods and pathways in the current situat
Thinking and Behavioral Characteristics
• Prioritizes the optimal "means" and "approach" within the current options and situation
• Values "how to proceed" more than "what to aim for"
• Goals change with the situation — finds objectives that fit the available path
• More interested in expanding current options than in pursuing a future ideal
• Tends to feel "emptiness" or "loss of direction" upon reaching a goal
Behavioral Tendencies
• Plans by prioritizing the pathway and feasibility over the
Emotivist types prioritize the emotional atmosphere in conversation, naturally working
Conversation and Relationships
• Prioritizes the emotional atmosphere in conversation, working to adjust the mood and interpersonal dynamics
• May stray from the topic at hand to keep the atmosphere positive and engaging
• In dialogue, first aims to create a sense of psychological safety and comfortable ambiance
Relationship with Emotions
• Has a strong drive to seek new experiences and emotions: "I want to encounter the unknown"
• Rarely re-reads books or re-watches movies (loses interest wit
Negativist types perceive the world in terms of what is missing or lacking, naturally i
Cognitive and Expressive Tendencies
• Perceives things in terms of "what is missing" and "what is lacking"
• Tends to identify problems and deficiencies, driven to resolve them
• Initially keeps some distance with new acquaintances, making cautious assessments
• Uses negative expressions more than positive ones ("it's not...," "I wouldn't...")
• When presenting an issue, leads with the negative perspective: "this is good, but this is missing"
Examples (Negative Framing)
• "This glass is half e
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