Sensing is a psychological function that focuses on concrete, tangible information grou
• Takes a realistic, grounded approach to thinking
• Tends to focus on details rather than the big picture
• Highly aware of surroundings and focused on the "here and now"
• Relatively comfortable with physical confrontation and practical tasks
• More interested in practice and application than in theory
Ethics is a psychological function that focuses on emotional experience, human relation
• Places great importance on human and emotional factors when considering matters
• Tends to frame discussions in terms of "good or bad" value judgments
• Skilled at navigating and mediating interpersonal conflicts
• May struggle with purely logical problem-solving
• Prioritizes persuasion and empathy, preferring dialogue over logical confrontation
• Can be vulnerable to logical manipulation or systematic influence
Declarative types have a conversational style that tends toward monologue, taking the l
Conversational Style
• Conversations tend to be monologue-like, with the speaker taking control of the discussion
• Speech proceeds in a declarative, assertive tone (even questions carry a strong ending)
• Waits patiently for the other person to finish before beginning their own turn
• Maintains a strong stance of "please don't interrupt until I'm done"
Speech Tendencies
• Before speaking, tries to firmly capture the listener's attention
• Only asks questions when genuinely needing specific in
Introversion focuses on the impressions and reactions that arise within the observer, e
• Mental energy tends to flow inward
• Recharges by spending time alone
• Expends energy in group settings
• Attention naturally gravitates toward thoughts and feelings
• Tends to be passive, waiting for stimulation to come
• Prefers a small number of deep relationships
• Excels at sustained concentration
• Prefers working independently
Rationality is a perceptual style that focuses on decision-making, emotional expression
• Tends to plan ahead and make decisions early
• Strong-willed and may appear stubborn to others
• Reluctant to change once a decision has been made
• Shows a strong tendency to follow through on commitments
• Movements appear controlled and deliberate
• Leadership style tends toward authority (top-down)
• Relatively lower stress tolerance
Static types tend to perceive the world as a collection of states, focusing on the prop
• Tends to perceive the world as a set of "states" rather than continuous processes
• Focuses on stability and inherent qualities rather than change
• Remembers events as independent scenes or snapshots rather than as a continuous flow
• Places importance on fixed structures of states and relationships
• Pays attention to simultaneity ("what existed at this moment") rather than cause-and-effect
Characteristic Behaviors and Cognition
• Recalls memories as "still images" or discrete scenes
• Has
Serious types believe in objective, absolute standards of correctness and approach rela
Emotions and Relationships
• Has difficulty reading emotional atmospheres and subtle moods
• Does not separate fun from activity — experiences enjoyment as embedded within the activity itself
• Encounters must go through a step-by-step, formal process (e.g., introductions, greetings)
• Values information like names and titles; does not consider someone an "acquaintance" without a proper introduction
Worldview and Judgment Style
• Believes that correctness is determined by objective, absolute s
Decisive types are naturally in an action-ready state, preferring to act first and adju
Basic Characteristics
• Natural state: combat mode (ready to move)
• Adjusts while in motion (decide quickly → proceed → adjust as needed)
• Tries to finish things in one burst, maintaining focus for extended periods
• Even after completing a task, has difficulty winding down; switching gears takes time
• Focuses on execution and results; pays relatively little attention to the preparation phase
• Places importance on rewards, outcomes, and results (e.g., compensation amounts)
Typical Phrases
Aristocratic types tend to perceive people through the lens of group membership. Initia
• Tends to perceive others through labels and group affiliations such as "from such-and-such background" or "in such-and-such field"
• Places importance on hierarchy and position within groups, and the distinction between "us" and "them"
• Frequently uses expressions like "that person is a typical representative of such-and-such"
• Friendships and trust are influenced by how they evaluate the group a person is perceived to belong to
• Comfortable with both self and others being described in ter
Carefree types make decisions on the fly based on available information and current cir
Characteristics
• Makes flexible, on-the-spot judgments based on current information and circumstances
• Constructs new approaches (algorithms) for each problem as it arises
• Values "adapting in the moment" over "preparing in advance"
• Naturally incorporates the path to a solution in their answers (without explaining every step)
• Operates from the fundamental stance that "predicting everything is impossible"
• Prioritizes "what can be done right here and now" over past knowledge or broad bac
Yielding types treat their resources as sacred and non-negotiable, while viewing their
Core Values
• Resources (possessions, abilities) are sacred and inviolable
• Interests (goals, desires) are flexible and can be changed
Behavioral and Psychological Characteristics
• Gracefully gives up on things they cannot do: "If I can't do it, I lose interest"
• Adjusts interests and goals according to available resources: "It looks interesting, but it's beyond me right now"
• Openly shares their interests and curiosities in conversations with others
• Extremely sensitive to intrusions on
Process types approach tasks sequentially and step by step, immersing themselves in the
Key Characteristics
• Approaches things sequentially and in stages
• Finds it difficult to stop once they have committed to something
• Easily becomes immersed in a process, entering fully into the situation
• A "single-tasker" who focuses on one thing at a time
• Tends to read books and information from beginning to end in order
Speech Tendencies and Vocabulary
• Prefers words like "flow," "process," "step by step," and "in progress"
• Often says things like "I'm still in the middle of it" or
Tactician types focus on finding the optimal methods and pathways in the current situat
Thinking and Behavioral Characteristics
• Prioritizes the optimal "means" and "approach" within the current options and situation
• Values "how to proceed" more than "what to aim for"
• Goals change with the situation — finds objectives that fit the available path
• More interested in expanding current options than in pursuing a future ideal
• Tends to feel "emptiness" or "loss of direction" upon reaching a goal
Behavioral Tendencies
• Plans by prioritizing the pathway and feasibility over the
Constructivist types minimize emotional expression in conversation, prioritizing practi
Conversation and Relationships
• Minimizes emotional expression in conversation, prioritizing practical and concrete topics
• Tries to skip emotional exchanges: "Let's just get to the conclusion"
• Values problem-solving and making proposals over attending to others' moods
Relationship with Emotions
• Repeatedly uses "emotional anchors" (favorite places, movies, books, etc.) to stabilize their own emotions
• Once caught up in an emotion, tends to dwell on it for a long time — therefore avoids
Positivist types perceive the world in terms of what exists and what has been achieved,
Cognitive and Expressive Tendencies
• Perceives things in terms of "what exists" and "what has been accomplished"
• Seeks to optimize and polish what is already in place
• Relatively open and positive in approach when meeting new people
• Uses affirmative expressions more than negative ones ("can do," "there is," etc.)
• Even when pointing out problems, adds a complementary positive note: "this exists, but so does that"
Examples (Affirmative Framing)
• "This glass is half full"
• "We've alread
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