Sensing is a psychological function that focuses on concrete, tangible information grou
• Takes a realistic, grounded approach to thinking
• Tends to focus on details rather than the big picture
• Highly aware of surroundings and focused on the "here and now"
• Relatively comfortable with physical confrontation and practical tasks
• More interested in practice and application than in theory
Logic is a psychological function that focuses on facts, systems, procedures, and objec
• Makes decisions based on logical reasoning and evidence
• Tends to discuss matters in terms of "correct or incorrect"
• Shows strong interest in systems, structures, and analytical thinking
• May experience friction in interpersonal relationships
• Enjoys debate and argumentation; places less value on emotional persuasion
• Can be vulnerable to ethical manipulation or emotionally-driven influence
Declarative types have a conversational style that tends toward monologue, taking the l
Conversational Style
• Conversations tend to be monologue-like, with the speaker taking control of the discussion
• Speech proceeds in a declarative, assertive tone (even questions carry a strong ending)
• Waits patiently for the other person to finish before beginning their own turn
• Maintains a strong stance of "please don't interrupt until I'm done"
Speech Tendencies
• Before speaking, tries to firmly capture the listener's attention
• Only asks questions when genuinely needing specific in
Extraversion focuses on the qualities of objects, people, and events that exist outside
• Mental energy tends to flow outward
• Gains energy through interaction with others
• Loses energy when alone
• Active and action-oriented, sensitive to the external environment
• Strong tendency to take initiative
• Easily builds rapport with new people
• Skilled at self-presentation
• Prefers teamwork and collaborative activities
Rationality is a perceptual style that focuses on decision-making, emotional expression
• Tends to plan ahead and make decisions early
• Strong-willed and may appear stubborn to others
• Reluctant to change once a decision has been made
• Shows a strong tendency to follow through on commitments
• Movements appear controlled and deliberate
• Leadership style tends toward authority (top-down)
• Relatively lower stress tolerance
Dynamic types tend to perceive the world as a continuous flow of change, focusing on tr
• Tends to perceive the world as a continuous process of change and flux
• Focuses on transitions, progressions, and directional trends
• Remembers events as narratives or flowing sequences
• Sensitive to processes and fluidity that unfold over time
• Focuses on "how things have changed" (past → future) rather than states themselves
Characteristic Behaviors and Cognition
• Recalls memories as "moving images" or video-like sequences
• Sensitive to changes in people and situations, adjusting beh
Serious types believe in objective, absolute standards of correctness and approach rela
Emotions and Relationships
• Has difficulty reading emotional atmospheres and subtle moods
• Does not separate fun from activity — experiences enjoyment as embedded within the activity itself
• Encounters must go through a step-by-step, formal process (e.g., introductions, greetings)
• Values information like names and titles; does not consider someone an "acquaintance" without a proper introduction
Worldview and Judgment Style
• Believes that correctness is determined by objective, absolute s
Judicious types are naturally in a relaxed state, preferring to prepare and organize be
Basic Characteristics
• Natural state: relaxed
• Organizes and prepares before taking action (preparation → action)
• Progresses step by step with breaks in between, rather than all at once
• Finds it difficult to initiate action without external stimulation
• Places great importance on thinking and organizing; decisions and execution happen automatically, as a natural flow
• Values working conditions and comfort (freedom, ease) over results
• Attention tends to focus on the preparation phase;
Democratic types perceive others based on their individual, unique characteristics. Rel
• Sees others as individuals rather than categorizing them as "a certain type of person"
• Judges people through personal, direct impressions such as "approachable," "intelligent," or "interesting"
• Relationships are based on one-on-one compatibility and shared values rather than group affiliation
• Values "being who I am" — individualistic by nature
• Shows little interest in questions like "where is this person from?"
• Rarely uses expressions like "I represent such-and-such group"
Farsighted types draw on accumulated experience and knowledge to prepare thoroughly in
Characteristics
• Leverages past experience and knowledge to prepare in advance
• Utilizes established methods, rules, and accumulated know-how
• Holds the belief that "preparation is the key to success"
• Includes the background and information-gathering process in their answers, explaining how they arrived at their conclusions
• Considers many possibilities before taking a single action
• Finds reassurance in "preparing for contingencies"
Speech Tendencies
• "Based on past examples..." "This
Yielding types treat their resources as sacred and non-negotiable, while viewing their
Core Values
• Resources (possessions, abilities) are sacred and inviolable
• Interests (goals, desires) are flexible and can be changed
Behavioral and Psychological Characteristics
• Gracefully gives up on things they cannot do: "If I can't do it, I lose interest"
• Adjusts interests and goals according to available resources: "It looks interesting, but it's beyond me right now"
• Openly shares their interests and curiosities in conversations with others
• Extremely sensitive to intrusions on
Result types take a bird's-eye view of matters with a focus on outcomes and goals, clea
Key Characteristics
• Views things from a broad perspective, oriented toward results and goals
• Conscious of clear beginnings and endings
• Does not deeply immerse in the process; can handle multiple things simultaneously
• Tends to skim-read or read for key points rather than cover everything
• A "top-down" type who grasps the big picture first, then moves to details
Speech Tendencies and Vocabulary
• Frequently uses words like "result," "goal," "beginning and end," "milestone," and "outlook
Tactician types focus on finding the optimal methods and pathways in the current situat
Thinking and Behavioral Characteristics
• Prioritizes the optimal "means" and "approach" within the current options and situation
• Values "how to proceed" more than "what to aim for"
• Goals change with the situation — finds objectives that fit the available path
• More interested in expanding current options than in pursuing a future ideal
• Tends to feel "emptiness" or "loss of direction" upon reaching a goal
Behavioral Tendencies
• Plans by prioritizing the pathway and feasibility over the
Emotivist types prioritize the emotional atmosphere in conversation, naturally working
Conversation and Relationships
• Prioritizes the emotional atmosphere in conversation, working to adjust the mood and interpersonal dynamics
• May stray from the topic at hand to keep the atmosphere positive and engaging
• In dialogue, first aims to create a sense of psychological safety and comfortable ambiance
Relationship with Emotions
• Has a strong drive to seek new experiences and emotions: "I want to encounter the unknown"
• Rarely re-reads books or re-watches movies (loses interest wit
Positivist types perceive the world in terms of what exists and what has been achieved,
Cognitive and Expressive Tendencies
• Perceives things in terms of "what exists" and "what has been accomplished"
• Seeks to optimize and polish what is already in place
• Relatively open and positive in approach when meeting new people
• Uses affirmative expressions more than negative ones ("can do," "there is," etc.)
• Even when pointing out problems, adds a complementary positive note: "this exists, but so does that"
Examples (Affirmative Framing)
• "This glass is half full"
• "We've alread
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