Sensing is a psychological function that focuses on concrete, tangible information grou
• Takes a realistic, grounded approach to thinking
• Tends to focus on details rather than the big picture
• Highly aware of surroundings and focused on the "here and now"
• Relatively comfortable with physical confrontation and practical tasks
• More interested in practice and application than in theory
Logic is a psychological function that focuses on facts, systems, procedures, and objec
• Makes decisions based on logical reasoning and evidence
• Tends to discuss matters in terms of "correct or incorrect"
• Shows strong interest in systems, structures, and analytical thinking
• May experience friction in interpersonal relationships
• Enjoys debate and argumentation; places less value on emotional persuasion
• Can be vulnerable to ethical manipulation or emotionally-driven influence
Declarative types have a conversational style that tends toward monologue, taking the l
Conversational Style
• Conversations tend to be monologue-like, with the speaker taking control of the discussion
• Speech proceeds in a declarative, assertive tone (even questions carry a strong ending)
• Waits patiently for the other person to finish before beginning their own turn
• Maintains a strong stance of "please don't interrupt until I'm done"
Speech Tendencies
• Before speaking, tries to firmly capture the listener's attention
• Only asks questions when genuinely needing specific in
Introversion focuses on the impressions and reactions that arise within the observer, e
• Mental energy tends to flow inward
• Recharges by spending time alone
• Expends energy in group settings
• Attention naturally gravitates toward thoughts and feelings
• Tends to be passive, waiting for stimulation to come
• Prefers a small number of deep relationships
• Excels at sustained concentration
• Prefers working independently
Rationality is a perceptual style that focuses on decision-making, emotional expression
• Tends to plan ahead and make decisions early
• Strong-willed and may appear stubborn to others
• Reluctant to change once a decision has been made
• Shows a strong tendency to follow through on commitments
• Movements appear controlled and deliberate
• Leadership style tends toward authority (top-down)
• Relatively lower stress tolerance
Static types tend to perceive the world as a collection of states, focusing on the prop
• Tends to perceive the world as a set of "states" rather than continuous processes
• Focuses on stability and inherent qualities rather than change
• Remembers events as independent scenes or snapshots rather than as a continuous flow
• Places importance on fixed structures of states and relationships
• Pays attention to simultaneity ("what existed at this moment") rather than cause-and-effect
Characteristic Behaviors and Cognition
• Recalls memories as "still images" or discrete scenes
• Has
Merry types naturally read emotional atmospheres and prioritize subjective frameworks o
Emotions and Relationships
• Naturally reads emotional atmospheres and is sensitive to the mood of a setting
• Treats "fun" as an independent element separate from activities themselves
• Builds relationships naturally without formality, as long as there is a clear purpose
• Places relatively little importance on formal information like names and titles
Worldview and Judgment Style
• Values subjective standards over absolute notions of correctness
• Tries to understand others' perspectives by
Decisive types are naturally in an action-ready state, preferring to act first and adju
Basic Characteristics
• Natural state: combat mode (ready to move)
• Adjusts while in motion (decide quickly → proceed → adjust as needed)
• Tries to finish things in one burst, maintaining focus for extended periods
• Even after completing a task, has difficulty winding down; switching gears takes time
• Focuses on execution and results; pays relatively little attention to the preparation phase
• Places importance on rewards, outcomes, and results (e.g., compensation amounts)
Typical Phrases
Aristocratic types tend to perceive people through the lens of group membership. Initia
• Tends to perceive others through labels and group affiliations such as "from such-and-such background" or "in such-and-such field"
• Places importance on hierarchy and position within groups, and the distinction between "us" and "them"
• Frequently uses expressions like "that person is a typical representative of such-and-such"
• Friendships and trust are influenced by how they evaluate the group a person is perceived to belong to
• Comfortable with both self and others being described in ter
Carefree types make decisions on the fly based on available information and current cir
Characteristics
• Makes flexible, on-the-spot judgments based on current information and circumstances
• Constructs new approaches (algorithms) for each problem as it arises
• Values "adapting in the moment" over "preparing in advance"
• Naturally incorporates the path to a solution in their answers (without explaining every step)
• Operates from the fundamental stance that "predicting everything is impossible"
• Prioritizes "what can be done right here and now" over past knowledge or broad bac
Obstinate types treat their interests and passions as sacred and non-negotiable, while
Core Values
• Interests (goals, passions) are sacred and inviolable
• Resources (possessions, abilities) are flexible tools to be utilized
Behavioral and Psychological Characteristics
• When interested in something, refuses to give up even when resources are lacking: "If I don't have enough, I'll keep working until I do"
• Holds strong attachment and sense of identity toward personal interests, preferences, and principles
• Relatively unbothered when others use their possessions or time, but r
Process types approach tasks sequentially and step by step, immersing themselves in the
Key Characteristics
• Approaches things sequentially and in stages
• Finds it difficult to stop once they have committed to something
• Easily becomes immersed in a process, entering fully into the situation
• A "single-tasker" who focuses on one thing at a time
• Tends to read books and information from beginning to end in order
Speech Tendencies and Vocabulary
• Prefers words like "flow," "process," "step by step," and "in progress"
• Often says things like "I'm still in the middle of it" or
Tactician types focus on finding the optimal methods and pathways in the current situat
Thinking and Behavioral Characteristics
• Prioritizes the optimal "means" and "approach" within the current options and situation
• Values "how to proceed" more than "what to aim for"
• Goals change with the situation — finds objectives that fit the available path
• More interested in expanding current options than in pursuing a future ideal
• Tends to feel "emptiness" or "loss of direction" upon reaching a goal
Behavioral Tendencies
• Plans by prioritizing the pathway and feasibility over the
Emotivist types prioritize the emotional atmosphere in conversation, naturally working
Conversation and Relationships
• Prioritizes the emotional atmosphere in conversation, working to adjust the mood and interpersonal dynamics
• May stray from the topic at hand to keep the atmosphere positive and engaging
• In dialogue, first aims to create a sense of psychological safety and comfortable ambiance
Relationship with Emotions
• Has a strong drive to seek new experiences and emotions: "I want to encounter the unknown"
• Rarely re-reads books or re-watches movies (loses interest wit
Positivist types perceive the world in terms of what exists and what has been achieved,
Cognitive and Expressive Tendencies
• Perceives things in terms of "what exists" and "what has been accomplished"
• Seeks to optimize and polish what is already in place
• Relatively open and positive in approach when meeting new people
• Uses affirmative expressions more than negative ones ("can do," "there is," etc.)
• Even when pointing out problems, adds a complementary positive note: "this exists, but so does that"
Examples (Affirmative Framing)
• "This glass is half full"
• "We've alread
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