Intuition is a psychological function that distances itself from concrete reality and f
• Tends toward idealism and imaginative thinking
• Focuses on the "big picture" and underlying meanings rather than details
• More interested in ideas and abstract concepts than in concrete reality
• Somewhat cautious and uncomfortable with physical confrontation
• Drawn to theory and the exploration of possibilities rather than hands-on practice
Ethics is a psychological function that focuses on emotional experience, human relation
• Places great importance on human and emotional factors when considering matters
• Tends to frame discussions in terms of "good or bad" value judgments
• Skilled at navigating and mediating interpersonal conflicts
• May struggle with purely logical problem-solving
• Prioritizes persuasion and empathy, preferring dialogue over logical confrontation
• Can be vulnerable to logical manipulation or systematic influence
Declarative types have a conversational style that tends toward monologue, taking the l
Conversational Style
• Conversations tend to be monologue-like, with the speaker taking control of the discussion
• Speech proceeds in a declarative, assertive tone (even questions carry a strong ending)
• Waits patiently for the other person to finish before beginning their own turn
• Maintains a strong stance of "please don't interrupt until I'm done"
Speech Tendencies
• Before speaking, tries to firmly capture the listener's attention
• Only asks questions when genuinely needing specific in
Introversion focuses on the impressions and reactions that arise within the observer, e
• Mental energy tends to flow inward
• Recharges by spending time alone
• Expends energy in group settings
• Attention naturally gravitates toward thoughts and feelings
• Tends to be passive, waiting for stimulation to come
• Prefers a small number of deep relationships
• Excels at sustained concentration
• Prefers working independently
Irrationality is a perceptual style that focuses on sensory impressions, intuitive flas
• Tends to act spontaneously, observing the situation as it unfolds
• Generally flexible and tolerant
• May frequently change decisions
• Takes on many things at once but may lose interest and abandon them midway
• Movements appear smooth and fluid
• Leadership style tends to be democratic (bottom-up)
• Relatively high stress tolerance
Dynamic types tend to perceive the world as a continuous flow of change, focusing on tr
• Tends to perceive the world as a continuous process of change and flux
• Focuses on transitions, progressions, and directional trends
• Remembers events as narratives or flowing sequences
• Sensitive to processes and fluidity that unfold over time
• Focuses on "how things have changed" (past → future) rather than states themselves
Characteristic Behaviors and Cognition
• Recalls memories as "moving images" or video-like sequences
• Sensitive to changes in people and situations, adjusting beh
Merry types naturally read emotional atmospheres and prioritize subjective frameworks o
Emotions and Relationships
• Naturally reads emotional atmospheres and is sensitive to the mood of a setting
• Treats "fun" as an independent element separate from activities themselves
• Builds relationships naturally without formality, as long as there is a clear purpose
• Places relatively little importance on formal information like names and titles
Worldview and Judgment Style
• Values subjective standards over absolute notions of correctness
• Tries to understand others' perspectives by
Decisive types are naturally in an action-ready state, preferring to act first and adju
Basic Characteristics
• Natural state: combat mode (ready to move)
• Adjusts while in motion (decide quickly → proceed → adjust as needed)
• Tries to finish things in one burst, maintaining focus for extended periods
• Even after completing a task, has difficulty winding down; switching gears takes time
• Focuses on execution and results; pays relatively little attention to the preparation phase
• Places importance on rewards, outcomes, and results (e.g., compensation amounts)
Typical Phrases
Democratic types perceive others based on their individual, unique characteristics. Rel
• Sees others as individuals rather than categorizing them as "a certain type of person"
• Judges people through personal, direct impressions such as "approachable," "intelligent," or "interesting"
• Relationships are based on one-on-one compatibility and shared values rather than group affiliation
• Values "being who I am" — individualistic by nature
• Shows little interest in questions like "where is this person from?"
• Rarely uses expressions like "I represent such-and-such group"
Farsighted types draw on accumulated experience and knowledge to prepare thoroughly in
Characteristics
• Leverages past experience and knowledge to prepare in advance
• Utilizes established methods, rules, and accumulated know-how
• Holds the belief that "preparation is the key to success"
• Includes the background and information-gathering process in their answers, explaining how they arrived at their conclusions
• Considers many possibilities before taking a single action
• Finds reassurance in "preparing for contingencies"
Speech Tendencies
• "Based on past examples..." "This
Yielding types treat their resources as sacred and non-negotiable, while viewing their
Core Values
• Resources (possessions, abilities) are sacred and inviolable
• Interests (goals, desires) are flexible and can be changed
Behavioral and Psychological Characteristics
• Gracefully gives up on things they cannot do: "If I can't do it, I lose interest"
• Adjusts interests and goals according to available resources: "It looks interesting, but it's beyond me right now"
• Openly shares their interests and curiosities in conversations with others
• Extremely sensitive to intrusions on
Process types approach tasks sequentially and step by step, immersing themselves in the
Key Characteristics
• Approaches things sequentially and in stages
• Finds it difficult to stop once they have committed to something
• Easily becomes immersed in a process, entering fully into the situation
• A "single-tasker" who focuses on one thing at a time
• Tends to read books and information from beginning to end in order
Speech Tendencies and Vocabulary
• Prefers words like "flow," "process," "step by step," and "in progress"
• Often says things like "I'm still in the middle of it" or
Tactician types focus on finding the optimal methods and pathways in the current situat
Thinking and Behavioral Characteristics
• Prioritizes the optimal "means" and "approach" within the current options and situation
• Values "how to proceed" more than "what to aim for"
• Goals change with the situation — finds objectives that fit the available path
• More interested in expanding current options than in pursuing a future ideal
• Tends to feel "emptiness" or "loss of direction" upon reaching a goal
Behavioral Tendencies
• Plans by prioritizing the pathway and feasibility over the
Emotivist types prioritize the emotional atmosphere in conversation, naturally working
Conversation and Relationships
• Prioritizes the emotional atmosphere in conversation, working to adjust the mood and interpersonal dynamics
• May stray from the topic at hand to keep the atmosphere positive and engaging
• In dialogue, first aims to create a sense of psychological safety and comfortable ambiance
Relationship with Emotions
• Has a strong drive to seek new experiences and emotions: "I want to encounter the unknown"
• Rarely re-reads books or re-watches movies (loses interest wit
Negativist types perceive the world in terms of what is missing or lacking, naturally i
Cognitive and Expressive Tendencies
• Perceives things in terms of "what is missing" and "what is lacking"
• Tends to identify problems and deficiencies, driven to resolve them
• Initially keeps some distance with new acquaintances, making cautious assessments
• Uses negative expressions more than positive ones ("it's not...," "I wouldn't...")
• When presenting an issue, leads with the negative perspective: "this is good, but this is missing"
Examples (Negative Framing)
• "This glass is half e
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